Flux Limitations of Continuous Atom Lasers

If atom lasers are to transform many fields of physics, as well as find applications in industry, the most essential development needed is increased atom flux. In this thesis we report on the experimental observation of fundamental limits on the flux of continuous atom lasers. The flux produced by the commonly used radio frequency outcoupler, can not be arbitrarily increased by increasing the strength of the outcoupling. Above a critical Rabi frequency, the atom laser shows large classical density fluctuations, due to coupling between the multiple Zeeman states. In our system this critical Rabi frequency is ∼ 1 kHz. Futhermore, at large coupling strengths (> 4 kHz for our experimetnal parameters), the continuous atom laser output completely switches off, as a result of the atoms remaining trapped in a bound state. In addition to the investigations of the radio frequency outcoupler, we have demonstrated the first continuous Raman outcoupled atom laser. Preliminary data indicates that the Raman outcoupler will be flux limited in a similar way to the radio frequency outcoupler.